By Shannon Schlecht
If you have ever planted a garden, you know how much effort it takes to help your plants thrive — and how often the results do not match up with your expectations.
Now think about farmers facing similar challenges from insect, weed, and disease pests as well as too much or too little heat and rain. The stakes are much higher when it comes to producing food for 7.3 billion people and more every day*. A destructive virus decimated papaya production in Hawaii a few years ago. In Florida, citrus greening disease that blocks the flow of nutrients to the fruit now infects an estimated 80 percent of its orange trees. Entire industries are at risk.
Wheat farmers, too, battle such challenges. Intensive wheat production in Europe and parts of the United States could not produce yields reaching up to 10 metric tons or more per hectare without preventing disease with frequent fungicide applications each season. Although the UG99 rust strain generated global concerns, thankfully its worldwide impact to date has been much less than feared. Yet new threats will come as they always do. It is one reason why wheat farmers support innovative technology, including biotechnology, to help produce a more sustainable and affordable supply of food for the growing world.
Conventional Breeding…
Scientists and breeders have been able to overcome many of these threats through conventional breeding. Crossing plants with known resistance to incorporate the desired traits into new varieties. Where genetic markers have been identified, marker-assisted selection (MAS) greatly improves the success rate of achieving those desired traits. Doubled haploid technology, which reduces the number of generations needed to stabilize a new variety, can help bring these traits to market quicker for tools against these challenges.
While these conventional techniques bring the desired traits into new varieties to address specific problems, they may also result in transferring genes that do not benefit the new variety. For example, a breeder may get rust resistance but lose another desired trait such as test weight or protein quality. Through many years and crosses, it is possible to minimize these outcomes, but time may not be a luxury in many cases to address a specific challenge.
…And Innovation
Modern biotechnology, however, is helping restore papaya production in Hawaii and research to resist citrus greening disease is underway (read more here). Concerned growers sparked the increase in research that led to these alternatives. Wheat farmers in the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries have also stood up to say the world needs advances that improve yield, quality, production efficiency and sustainability. Private and public researchers responded and now they are using the full range of technology to find ways to achieve those long-term goals.
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