New MU Weather Station Measures Soil Moisture in Forest

Nov 21, 2024

A new weather station at Echo Bluff State Park in Shannon County marks the 46th station in the Missouri Mesonet, the state’s expanding weather station network. University of Missouri Extension state climatologist Zachary Leasor says the location was chosen in part to more closely monitor weather conditions in forested environments.

Located on a ridgetop within the park, the site presents unique challenges for weather monitoring. In densely forested areas, it is difficult to install weather stations that meet standards and recommendations established by weather and climate experts. But trees and their canopies create a unique microclimate where weather conditions in a forest can vary over short distances, says MU Extension state forester Hank Stelzer.

In addition to monitoring meteorological variables, the Echo Bluff station will also measure soil temperature and moisture at different depths. “These measurements will allow us to better understand how forest soil moisture is impacted by periods of wetness and dryness,” says Leasor. “Previous soil moisture monitoring efforts have been primarily focused in agricultural and grassland areas where the dynamics of plant water use and evapotranspiration are different from forests.”

The network plans to expand its forested monitoring sites in collaboration with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources’ Hydrology Information Center. The Missouri Climate Center and Missouri Resource Assessment Partnership are researching a monitoring plan to guide the selection of new sites that fill in coverage gaps and represent Missouri’s diverse environmental characteristics.

Soil moisture data provides a critical link between the atmosphere and land surface, Leasor says. Improved monitoring will support forestry and fire weather applications while providing important data to research the impact of weather and climate on forests. Forest health can be affected by flooding, drought and long-term climate trends. Data will also be critical for modeling and predicting hydrologic extremes across the Ozarks.

Trees have been subjected to great stress in the past century, says Stelzer. Despite the resilience of trees, droughts, floods and disease have taken their toll.

Fortunately, new technology allows researchers to closely study how forestlands respond. Data obtained from weather stations combined with data gathered by drones give insight into the health of forests, says Stelzer.

Learn more about Missouri Mesonet at http://agebb.missouri.edu/weather/realtime/echobluff.asp.

Photo

https://extension.missouri.edu/sites/default/files/legacy_media/wysiwyg/News/photos/20241120-soil-1.jpg

A new weather station at Echo Bluff State Park in Shannon County will measure soil temperature and moisture. This photo from the installation of a weather station at MU South Farm in Columbia shows how soil moisture sensors are staggered at different depths. Photo courtesy of MU Extension state climatologist Zachary Leasor.

Source : missouri.edu

Video: Turning Plant Defense Into a Management Strategy

Turning Plant Defense Into a Management Strategy

Understanding how a plant responds to stress is one thing.

Using that knowledge to make better management decisions is another.

Systemic acquired resistance, or SAR, is the plant's more direct defense response. When stress or infection occurs, the plant begins signaling throughout its system and preparing defensive compounds.

But if we know that response exists, can we help prepare the plant before the stress arrives?

The answer starts with understanding what triggers the response and what the plant needs to carry it out.

The Trigger and the Fuel

Salicylic acid plays an important role in triggering the SAR pathway.

Think of it as turning the truck on.

The engine may be running, but it still needs fuel to do the work.

In this case, manganese plays an important role in supporting the enzyme systems involved in the plant's defensive response.

This makes manganese status an important part of the conversation. Whether a producer is using tissue testing, sap analysis, or simply scouting for visible deficiency symptoms, the goal is to make sure the plant has adequate manganese available.

Manganese is required in relatively small amounts, but that does not make its role small.

If the plant receives a signal to defend itself but lacks the nutrition needed to support that response, it may struggle to carry out the process efficiently.

The trigger matters.

The fuel matters too.

Prepare Before the Stress Arrives

The best time to think about stress management is before the plant is overwhelmed.

Once a crop is already struggling, management can quickly turn into a game of catch-up.

This is similar to nitrogen management. Once a plant becomes severely deficient, correcting the problem does not necessarily erase the time and yield potential already lost.

Plant defense can work the same way.

Low-rate, targeted approaches designed to support the SAR pathway may fit best ahead of an expected stress event rather than after significant damage has already occurred.

That requires producers to think about predictable stress.

We may not know exactly what the weather will do tomorrow, but we generally know summer heat is coming. We know certain field conditions increase disease pressure. We know a herbicide application can temporarily stress a crop as the plant processes the chemistry.

Even a properly timed and labeled herbicide application can create a temporary response in the plant.

That does not mean the herbicide is bad.

Weeds can create significantly more yield loss than the temporary stress caused by controlling them.

The question is not whether we should eliminate every stressor.

The question is whether we can better prepare the plant to manage necessary and predictable stress.

Not All Stress Is Bad

Stress is a normal part of plant growth.

A perfectly stress-free environment does not exist in the field.

In fact, some stress is necessary for normal plant development. A plant responds to wind, temperature, moisture, sunlight, and countless other environmental signals throughout the season.

The environment is stress.

The plant's job is to manage it.

Problems begin when the stress load becomes greater than the plant's ability to respond.

Extreme heat, drought, high salt concentrations, disease pressure, and even certain management practices can add to that load.

This is where understanding SAR becomes useful.

Instead of waiting until the plant is visibly struggling, producers can begin identifying periods when stress is likely and make management decisions around those windows.

ISR Starts With the Soil

While SAR is a more direct defense response, induced systemic resistance, or ISR, brings the conversation back to soil health.

The longevity of a farm is closely connected to the health of its soil.

Carbon plays a major role because it supports biological life within the soil. Bacteria, fungi, and other organisms interact with plant roots and influence how the plant grows, accesses nutrients, and prepares for stress.

This is why soil health cannot be reduced to one product or one application.

It is a system.

Keeping living plants in the field longer can support biological activity. Cover crops may fit some operations. Better water management can improve soil conditions.