Several Factors Affect Successful Soybean Inoculation and Nodulation

By Ignacio Ciampitti and Kraig Roozeboom et.al

If soybean plants are chlorotic (yellow) and nitrogen (N) deficient despite being inoculated, that probably indicates the inoculant has failed.

Assessing nodulation in the field

Crush or slice nodules from several soybean plants to assess their condition. In general, a pink or reddish internal color indicates the rhizobia is actively fixing N. On the other hand, a dark gray or whitish color indicates the rhizobia is not effectively fixing N. This color will be difficult to see in very young or very old nodules. From the standpoint of nodule number and size, a few large nodules along the tap root are more effective at fixing N than small nodules along the lateral roots. Nitrogen fixation slows down, and nodules begin to senesce (deteriorate) during seed fill as the plant directs most of its resources to reproduction.

Figure 1. Close-up of soybean nitrogen-fixing nodules. 

What factors affect inoculation response?

Several factors can result in poor nodulation or failure of inoculation:

1. Poor or inadequate coverage of the seeds by the inoculum during inoculation.
2. Contamination of inoculant with foreign materials.
3. Lack of competitiveness of the introduced Bradyrhizobium strain compared to the indigenous Rhizobia strains.
4. Lack of persistence in the soil: The introduced Bradyrhizobium should be able to grow and remain viable in the soil between soybean crops without undergoing mutation.
5. Low soil phosphorus (P): Legumes need adequate P for proper growth and pod development. Low P can result in poor nodulation and reduced N fixation. Phosphorus deficiency can negatively affect seed development and pod formation leading to low yield.
6. Soil pH: This is an important environmental factor. Most legumes grow and nodulate well at pH 5.6 to 6.7. The best soil pH for Bradyrhizobium lies between pH 6 to 7. Low pH soils require liming. In general, legume responds well to liming. Low pH (< 5) causes aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn) toxicity, and results in P deficiency.
7. Soil nitrate and ammonium levels: High inorganic N (ammonium and nitrate) levels in the soil inhibit nodulation and N fixation. The effectiveness and competitiveness of Bradyrhizobium are negatively affected by high inorganic nitrogen.
8. Molybdenum (Mo): Soils deficient in Mo can have reduced nitrogen fixation. Mo, an essential micronutrient, is needed for the formation and function of the nitrogenase enzymes. Legumes also need other micronutrients such as iron, boron, and copper.
9. Stress, in the form of drought, excessive soil moisture, or high temperatures can reduce nodulation.

If the inoculation has failed, producers may need to apply N to their soybean crop. Depending on the projected yield potential, producers may need to apply as much as 120-180 lbs. N/acre.