By Dean Kreager
Fall’s a great time to control next year’s crop of poison hemlock.
As we move into mid-summer, now is a good time to evaluate weed issues in your pastures. Weeds can have a major impact on the productivity of forage and the performance of cattle being raised on the pasture. The most obvious case is with weeds that have toxic effects. Ingestion of plants like poison hemlock, cressleaf groundsel, white snakeroot, nightshade, and many others can result in illness and even death. Even if your weed issues are nontoxic, the weeds may not be palatable or may have very little nutritional value. In both cases the weeds are taking up space and using nutrients that would be better utilized by desired plants.
Different weeds have different growth characteristics which also means there are different methods that can be used for control. I am going to talk about five common pasture weed issues which have control methods that can be used from now through the fall.
Poison Hemlock
This very toxic weed is popping up all over Ohio. At maturity it looks like an oversized version of wild carrot with green and purple mottled stalks reaching well over 6 feet in height. All parts of this plant are poisonous and can potentially kill livestock. The toxicity does not go away when dead. Unfortunately, it has already went to seed this year, but poison hemlock has a 2-year life cycle. In the fall, green rosettes of this plant can be sprayed with glyphosate or a broadleaf killing herbicide that is labeled for pasture use. Seed can remain in the soil for several years so expect to continue dealing with this issue. Mechanical control can be effective if mowing is timed in late spring to prevent seed heads from developing viable seed.
Horsenettle
Horsenettle is a perennial broadleaf in the nightshade family. Thorns on the stems and green fruit that looks like little green tomatoes help identify this plant. The fruit turns yellow later in the fall. Horsenettle reproduces through both seed and rhizomes. This plant usually becomes very noticeable in July, but I have been seeing plenty in June this year. Mechanical control consists of mowing when it is at a flowering stage and at 30-day intervals after that. It can produce flowers and seed very near the ground and is a perennial so don’t expect immediate or complete control with mowing. Herbicide application in July or August as plants reach an early flowering phase is often effective; however, a combination of mowing and chemical control is usually most effective. Thirty days after mowing, when the horsenettle has regrown, treat with a broadleaf herbicide that is labeled for use in pastures.
Cocklebur
A weed that seems to be making a comeback in pastures is cocklebur. This summer annual reproduces by seed that are contained in sharp burs. Killing the plant before it goes to seed is critical for control. We are reaching the end of the successful time to treat with herbicides but there is likely a little time left in July to prevent seed production. Mechanical control using mowing at different times and different mowing intervals has shown limited success in Ohio State trials. Plants often responded by producing seed next to the ground although the amount of seed produced was likely reduced.
Spotted Knapweed
While not widespread throughout all of Ohio, spotted knapweed continues to spread and can severely diminish the quality of pastures in areas where it is found. Pasture productivity can quickly be reduced by 50% or more. This short-lived perennial has pink to purple flowers shaped like those on Canada thistle. Leaves are deeply lobed, and plants can reach a height of 4 feet. Like horsenettle, mowing can be helpful with reducing flowering, but low flowers may still develop. Broadleaf pasture herbicides that work for other plants listed in this article will likely be effective for spotted knapweed.
Hemp Dogbane
This plant is in the milkweed family. It has narrower leaves than milkweed and reddish colored stems as the plants mature. Hemp dogbane can be toxic to livestock. While it can reproduce by seeds it is known for spreading by rhizomes. One plant can become a patch. Mowing followed by chemical treatment as the plant reaches a bud stage is often most effective. Due to rhizome reproduction, mowing alone has limited effectiveness. Most common pasture herbicides have limited effectiveness at 60% – 80% so repeat treatments will be needed.
The first step in weed control is identification. Learning to identify common problem weeds can prevent a problem from getting out of control. Many pesticide products are available. The Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri Weed Guide is a great resource for effectiveness of various products on pasture weeds. Your local Extension Educator is another resource. With all pesticide products, be sure to follow the label for species, rates, grazing restrictions, and any other precautions.
Source : osu.edu